In his initial remarks, Choularton proposed that innovation has a lot to do with failure. According to Choularton, previous donor investments secured incremental gains for small farmers, which every few years were wiped away by natural disasters such as droughts or floods. Perceiving the recurrence of these events, WFP developed a micro insurance scheme specifically tailored to improve the climate risk management of people with very few assets. The product is proving to be attractive to small farmers since they have the option to pay for premiums with their own labour. In Senegal and Ethiopia where this programme is active, insured farmers have been able to save more than twice the sum compared to those without any insurance, and they invest more in productive inputs.
However, innovation does not arise unswervingly.
The long-term sustainability of the programme is not assured since, as
Choularton conceded, about 80 percent of the cost of premiums is subsidized.
And while small farmers enjoy the current work-for-insurance modality, it is
unlikely private insurance companies would operate on the basis of in kind
transfers. Nevertheless, it does not mean that this undoubtedly innovative
financial mechanism cannot evolve in the context where the service is being
provided, and actually facilitate a market for cash paying farmers. Indeed, the
growth of farmers’ mutual insurance was a gradual process in Europe and North
America.
Andrea Cattaneo described the persistence of bottlenecks
that can hinder innovation from taking hold. This can occur when, for example,
policies are implemented unevenly, or establish perverse incentives, creating
what he called ‘binding constraints’. Cattaneo also emphasized that innovation
should be addressed in a broader system – through socioeconomic and climate perspectives and trying to link the tailored
solutions to specific National Agricultural Investment Plans.
Santiago del Solar representing the World
Farmers Organizations through CREA (Consorcios Regionales de Experimentacion
Agricola), an Argentine organization of farmers dedicated to improving each farming
enterprise, also offered edifying examples of how innovation can take hold in
the most inhospitable of circumstances. Years ago, his group noticed that
erosion and soil degradation were destroying agricultural land. The innovation
they came up with was no-till technology, which at the time was not used in the
Argentine countryside. Del Solar explained that when he first practised no-till,
he made many mistakes. His own father criticized him because he would not use a
plough like other farmers. But a generation later – 95 percent of Argentine
farmers are using no-till farming methods. Nothing short of a revolution. In
his words, innovation in the field occurs because “farmers believe other farmers”.
What became salient to me during this session,
was that innovation does not always occur within the timescales we prescribe.
New behaviour and technologies are rarely inculcated within the span of a
project. But, as Gernot Laganda offered in his summary, we should work to
support innovation by identifying and addressing the financial drivers,
institutional pathways and policy spaces that both define and negate
agricultural paradigms. By training our efforts on change in these areas we can
overcome the binding constraints that limit farmers’ abilities to realize their
full potentials.