An IFAD project is
helping to thwart food security threats
What do
wasps and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) have in
common?
Both of them are fighting to curb the
threat to food security, particularly in South-east Asia and Indonesia.
Cassava is a well-known staple food
and in South-east Asia it is the third-largest source of calories after rice
and maize. It is a key crop in Indonesia, a nation which is among the world’s
major cassava producers.
The country sees more than one
million hectares of cassava planted every year, half of which is directly
consumed as food, and the crop supports an estimated 40 million people. It's
also a very significant source of income in the region. In 2014, for example, Viet
Nam's export of cassava amounted to US$1.3 billion.
The plant's value is built on its
many and varied uses. Directly or indirectly, cassava is an essential support for
smallholder incomes, so keeping the plant healthy is vital.
But smallholder farmers across the world are faced
with a big problem. And the problem is called the mealybug (phenacoccus
manihoti. Mealybug is one of the most virulent cassava pests
globally. The pill-shaped invader
sucks sap from crops causing them to wither and die.
In the 1980s, mealybug, also known as the pink mealybug, almost eliminated African
cassava and severely threatened the food security of the region. During this
period the farmers faced record yield losses of up to 82 per cent.
How did the African smallholder
farmers fight this the problem?
Here comes our hero: angyrus
lopezi, aka the parasitic wasp
This program is part of a much bigger project addressing
cassava threats and diseases in the region, funded by the European Commission
(EC), through IFAD and other strategic partners under the EC/CGIAR Programme. IFAD
has been managing the 'Emerging Pests and Diseases of Cassava in South
East Asia: seeking eco-efficient Solutions to Overcome a Thread to Livelihoods'
project which is funded by the EC under the EC/CGIAR Programme.
Parasitic wasp is the natural enemy
to the pink mealybug and its introduction is considered as one of the most
successful pest-control programmes in the world.
Recently, pink mealybug spread
throughout South-east Asia, and once again presenting a catastrophic threat to cassava-based
livelihoods and food security.
But this time, 3,000 tiny parasitic
wasps took part in a major 'sting'. The
first stage of the project was to release the wasps in an infected field in
Indonesia. Nature took its course and they deposited their eggs. The hatching
larvae consumed the mealybugs from the inside, slowly mummifying and killing
them. The wasps quickly adapted to local conditions and reproduced, and they
were then released into an open field.
Eliminating the pest in its early phase
is vital to ensure continued economic prosperity for millions of farmers and this
was the first stage of a larger eradication campaign. And the method is also environmentally friendly ̶ it doesn't involve any spraying of
pesticides and the wasps pose no threat to humans, animals or other insects because
they only feed on the cassava mealybug.
Cassava is a crucial crop, and depending
on the region, is prepared in different ways. The boiled root is similar in
taste to potato. Once mashed and sieved, it can be used as flour, as porridge
or tapioca, or as a thickening agent. Industrially, there is a growing demand
for cassava pellets for animal feed. Furthermore it can be distilled to produce
alcohol; and it has a variety of uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic
industries. And the starch is used to make paper, wood and textiles.
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| Mealybug infestation on a cassava leaf/Neil Palmer - CIAT |
This is an example of using nature
itself to overcome the threat to food security (with a little help from IFAD).